Magazine and Journal Articles
Click on the title to access the article. Note that some publications may require a subscription in order to access the magazine or journal article in its entirety.
From 2024.
How Positive Deviance in High-Achieving Adults with ADHD can Inform Strength-Based Coaching and Life Design to Complement Traditional ADHD Management - October 2024. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4985832
From the Abstract: This study explores how positive deviance among high-achieving adults with ADHD can inspire strength-based coaching strategies and life design to complement traditional ADHD management approaches. The results show that these adults succeed by leveraging numerous unique strategies, such as managing routines, making environmental adjustments, and harnessing their personal strengths, significantly contributing to their success and well-being. The conclusions of this research highlight the value of ADHD coaching as an ideally positioned approach to focus on individual strengths and, through the lens of life design, provide a holistic framework for managing ADHD.
Does SARS-CoV-2 Infection Increase the Frequency and Risk of Neuropsychiatric and Related Conditions? Findings from Difference-in-Differences Analyses - October 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4982186 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4982186
From the Abstract: This study aims to compare the full spectrum of neuropsychiatric conditions in COVID-19 positive children and youths (ages 5-12 and 12-21) with a matched COVID-19 negative cohort, accounting for factors influencing infection risk. The COVID-19 positive group had a higher frequency of neuropsychiatric disorders compared to the negative group. Children had higher risks of anxiety, OCD, ADHD, autism, and other conditions. Youths showed elevated risks for anxiety, suicidality, depression, and other symptoms. The findings suggest that COVID-19 infection poses additional risks for neuropsychiatric conditions, underscoring the need for further research on treatments and preventive strategies tailored to infected individuals.
Retinal Fundus Imaging as a Biomarker for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Machine Learning for Screening and Visual Attention Stratification -October 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4978423 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4978423
This study explored the machine learning analysis of retinal fundus photographs as a novel, noninvasive biomarker for ADHD screening and stratification of executive function (EF) deficits. Machine learning analysis of retinal fundus photographs demonstrated potential as a noninvasive biomarker for ADHD screening and EF deficit stratification in the visual attention domain. Furthermore, alterations in the retinal vascular structure and optic disc characteristics indicate a neurodevelopmental process affecting both cerebral and retinal structures, potentially reflecting systemic changes in ADHD. Our findings may guide the development of innovative screening tools and personalized treatment approaches. However, further research across diverse populations and age groups is necessary to validate these findings before clinical implementation.
The Impact of Various Computer Game Genres on Attention of Students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (Adhd)
- September 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4950133 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4950133 (Not Yet Peer Reviewed)
The extant study was conducted to examine the impact of various computer games on the attention dimension of students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). ...three-game genres, including action, shooter, and strategy could significantly improve the attention of students with ADHD. Among the aforementioned genres, strategy games had a higher performance rather than action and shooter games. This study demonstrated that action, shooter, and strategy Genre of computer games could improve the attention of students with ADHD.
Embracing Complexity: Connecting Bipolar Affective Disorder, Joint Hypermobility, and Neurodivergence
-September 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4950643 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4950643 (Not Yet Peer Reviewed)
Neurodivergence encompasses neurodevelopmental conditions including autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Tourette syndrome. Particular physical traits, notably those linked to joint hypermobility, have an established association with both neurodivergence and bipolar affective disorder. This case-control study tested how presence of joint hypermobility and neurodivergent characteristics interact in relation to the expression of bipolar affective disorder.
Impact of Physical Exercise on Adhd Symptoms in Children: A Meta-Analysis for Developing Personalized Exercise Interventions
- August 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4929961 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4929961 (UNDER REVIEW)
This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of physical exercise on children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and provide evidence for optimal exercise prescription. Physical exercise serves as an effective adjunctive treatment for improving ADHD symptoms. We recommend therapeutic and alternative exercise modalities lasting 12-24 weeks, performed twice weekly for less than 30 minutes per session. These findings provide important reference for clinical practice in managing ADHD in children.
Multimodality-Based Graph Convolutional Networks for Classification of Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Detection of Potential Neuroimaging Genetics Biomarkers - August 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4939229 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4939229 (UNDER REVIEW)
Integrating multimodal data across neuroimaging genetics can enhance the diagnosis and understanding of adults with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (aADHD). These findings highlight the effectiveness and interpretability of the multimodality-based EV-GCN in discriminating aADHD individuals from healthy controls. The functional alterations in right PCun and its related genetic profiles were suggested to play an important role in the neurological underpinnings of aADHD.
Effectiveness of Cognitive-Emotional-Social Training of Working Memory on Attention Bias, Executive Functions, and Academic Performance of Students with ADHD - August 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4935159 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4935159
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-emotional-social training of working memory on attention bias, executive functions, and academic performance of students with ADHD. According to the obtained results, cognitive-emotional-social training of working memory is effective in improving attention bias, executive functions, and academic performance of students with ADHD.
Prediction of Methylphenidate Treatment Response for Adhd Using Conventional and Radiomics T1 and Dti Features: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial - August 2024. : https://ssrn.com/abstract=4929859 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4929859 (NOT YET REVIEWED)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is commonly treated with methylphenidate (MPH). Although highly effective, MPH treatment still has a relatively high non-response rate of around 30%, highlighting the need for a better understanding of treatment response. Radiomics of T1-weighted images and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) combined with machine learning approaches could offer a novel method for assessing MPH treatment response. While conventional and radiomics models performed equally well in predicting clinical improvement across children and adults during treatment, radiomics features offered enhanced structural information beyond conventional region-based volume and FA averages in children. Prediction of symptom improvement one week after treatment cessation was poor, potentially due to the transient effects of stimulant treatment on symptom improvement.
Beyond Attention: Dimensional Attention Network Development Underpins Working Memory Strategy Differences in 2- to 5-Year-Olds with and Without Risk for ADHD - August 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4912939 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4912939
The relationship between alerting, orienting, and self-regulation—all foundational for higher-level executive attention—and working memory is poorly understood in preschool-aged children at risk for ADHD. We developed a novel working memory task appropriate for children ages 2–6 years old to close this literature gap and to further investigate differences between typically developing (TD) children and those at risk for ADHD. Results indicate age, condition, and risk effects. At-risk children do not differ from TD children in accuracy, but they do differ in strategy use.
The Effect of Self-Controlled Feedback on Motor Performance and Learning in Adolescents with ADHD - August 2024 https://ssrn.com/abstract=4915500
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of autonomy support (i.e., in the form of self-controlled feedback) on learning and self-efficacy in a throwing skill in adolescents with ADHD. The results showed that participants in the self-controlled group had significantly higher throwing accuracy scores in the acquisition phase and the retention test than those in yoked group. Moreover, participants in the self-controlled group reported significantly higher self-efficacy scores in the acquisition phase and the retention test than those in yoked group. The results of this study show that people with ADHD benefit from autonomy support to learn a novel motor skill.
Effects of Social Support on Participation of Children with ADHD in Physical Activity: Mediating Role of Emotional Wellbeing
- August 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4915425
It has been shown that social support is an essential factor for participation of children in physical activity. However, this issue among children with ADHD has been rarely investigated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of social support on participation of children with ADHD in physical activity with considering the emotional wellbeing as a mediator. The results of the present study indicate that urgent strategies should be adopted for children with ADHD, as they had small amounts of physical activity. Moreover, social support can be considered as a vital factor in the participation of children with ADHD in physical activities. Finally, we can consider emotional wellbeing as a moderating factor in the effectiveness of social support on the amount of physical activity among children with ADHD.
The Effects of Participation in Physical Activity and Exercise on Social and Adaptive Performance among Children with ADHD
- August 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4915375
Despite the significance and crucial role that engaging in sports activities holds in shaping children's social behaviors, limited studies have explored the impact of sports participation on the adjustment and social performance of children diagnosed with ADHD. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the effects of participation in physical activity and exercise on social and adaptive performance among children with ADHD. ...it is recommended that practitioners and physical education teachers actively encourage children with ADHD to participate in physical activity and sports to enhance their social and adaptive performance.
Understanding Digital Media's Complex Impact on ADHD Symptoms: A Narrative Review - August 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4912578 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4912578
This review examines the effects of digital media on ADHD and reveals that children with ADHD tend to engage more with fast-paced and interactive content, which can worsen their attention deficits and impulsivity. On the other hand, structured educational apps can help improve attention and learning. However, excessive screen time, especially before bedtime, is associated with poor sleep quality, which in turn exacerbates ADHD symptoms. While social media can provide positive social interactions, excessive use can lead to social withdrawal. The study emphasizes the importance of a balanced approach to digital media, with a focus on parental monitoring and structured usage. It also offers practical guidance for parents, educators, and clinicians, and calls for further research and interventions to enhance the positive effects of digital media and mitigate the negative impacts on ADHD. This comprehensive understanding aims to improve the quality of life for individuals with ADHD in our digital age.
The Effects of a School-Based Intervention on the Social and Adaptive Skills among Children with ADHD - August 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4915357
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a school-based intervention designed to enhance social and adaptive skills among children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). These findings underscore the importance of incorporating structured, skill-building programs into school curricula to support children with ADHD.
NeurodiverCITY: Leveraging the potential for neurodiverse deliberation in urban life - July 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4891374 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4891374
This paper explores the integration of neurodiverse individuals into the urban decision-making processes through the concept of “NeurodiverCITY.” By merging the neurodiversity paradigm with deliberative theory and the practice of urban democratic innovations, the authors propose a model where the unique cognitive strengths of neurodiverse individuals, such as logical thinking, attention to detail, and creativity, can enhance the quality of urban deliberations. The paper critically reviews existing literature on neurodiversity and urban studies, identifies gaps in current research, and discusses the potential benefits and challenges of inclusive urban planning. The findings suggest that inclusive deliberative practices not only improve decision-making processes but also contribute to more equitable and innovative urban environments. The authors argue for the proactive inclusion of neurodiverse individuals in urban governance to leverage their potential for the benefit of all city inhabitants.
Starting School and ADHD: When is it Time to Fly the Nest? - July 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4883850 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4883850
Does deferring school entry for children born just before the enrollment cutoff date improve their mental well-being? We address this question using administrative data on prescriptions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in England. Higher ADHD rates among early school starters are often attributed to a peer-comparison bias caused by differences in relative age among classmates. However, previous studies do not consider other potential underlying mechanisms. By adopting a more comprehensive framework, we can confirm that relative age is the primary driver of the gap in ADHD rate in the long term. Furthermore, we find that such a long-term gap is driven by first-time prescriptions between ages 5 and 8, which is a critical period when the accuracy of ADHD diagnosis is most important. Based on these findings, our policy recommendations include sorting children by age and refining diagnostic decision-making in early primary school.
The Attention Network Characteristics of Adults with High ADHD Traits: Low Stability, Boost Accuracy by Sacrificing Response Time
- June 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4868275 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4868275
Adults with high ADHD traits (H-ADHD) face challenges in academics, social interactions, and careers, yet their attention characteristics remains unclear. Using Attention Network Test (ANT), we examine attentional characteristics (including specific attentional qualities and overall attentional performance) of H-ADHD and explore how their specific attentional qualities impact overall attentional performance. We find H-ADHD primarily manifests lower alerting network, higher intra-individual coefficient of variation (ICV) and poorer balanced integration score (BIS). Furthermore, the BIS deficiency in high attention deficit traits group (H-ADHD-I) specifically manifests as "high accuracy - slow reaction time", reflecting their response pattern as the reaction time compensated accuracy. Additionally, compared to alerting network, attentional variability (ICV) has a greater role in mediating the impact of ADHD symptoms on overall attentional performance (BIS). Taken together, H-ADHD mainly exhibit deficits in sustained attention (alerting network), attentional stability (ICV), and overall attentional performance. ADHD symptoms worsen overall attentional performance due to increased attentional variability. The study emphasizes the sensitivity of alerting network, ICV, and BIS indicators, and highlights the significance of attentional variability, suggesting their potential clinical value in the future.
Digital Media, Genetics and Change in ADHD Symptoms in Children – A Longitudinal Study - June 2024. Change in ADHD Symptoms in Children – A Longitudinal Study. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4871258 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4871258 (Not Yet Peter Reviewed)
We investigated the longitudinal association between different types of DM usage and ADHD-related symptoms in school-aged children, while accounting for genetic predisposition and socioeconomic status. Average social media usage was associated with an increase in inattention symptoms over time ...In contrast, average use of playing video games or watching television/videos was not associated with an increase in ADHD-related symptoms. Sex, ADHD diagnosis, PGS-ADHD, or medication status at T0, did not modify the association between social media usage and ADHD-related symptoms over time. There was no evidence that inattention caused increased use of social media. Social media usage was associated with an increase in inattention symptoms in children over time. Although the observed effect size was small, it could have significant consequences if behavior changes occur at the population level.
ADHD Symptoms are Common and Associated with Worse Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes - June 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4856029 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4856029 (NOT YET PEER REVIEWED)
Objective: To assess the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), and cardiovascular comorbidities in adults. Conclusion: Many adults with T1D exhibit undiagnosed ADHD symptoms, which correlate with poorer glycemic control and depression. Further research with larger samples is needed to investigate ADHD prevalence and impacts in this group.
Intact Emotion Fluency in Autism vs. ADHD and Community Groups - May 2024 https://ssrn.com/abstract=4835368 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4835368 (NOT YET PEER REVIEWED)
Purpose: The Emotion Word Fluency Test (EWFT) accounts for unique variance in Theory of Mind (ToM). ToM being a well-established weakness in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), it was hypothesized that an ASD group would demonstrate performance weakness on the EWFT. However, mediational analyses indicated that switching increased EWFT-total more efficiently for the COM vs. ASD/ADHD groups.
...as measured in this study, emotion word fluency is an intact area of functioning in ASD that could be built upon for social interaction.
Genome-Wide Analyses Reveal Shared Genetic Architecture and Potential Causal Relationships between Osteoarthritis and Psychiatric Disorders - May 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4826099 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4826099 (NOT YET PEER REVIEWED)
Osteoarthritis (OA) and psychiatric disorders are prevalent conditions that frequently co-occur, suggesting potential shared genetic underpinnings. However, the extent of genetic correlations and causal relationships between these disorders remains largely unknown. Our findings revealed a shared genetic architecture between OA and psychiatric disorders, providing novel insights into their comorbidity. The identified pleiotropic loci, shared genes, and biological pathways offer potential targets for further research and drug development. The causal relationships suggest that targeting psychiatric disorders may have implications for OA prevention and treatment.
Nurturing Attention Through Nature - April 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4807151 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4807151
Previous research suggests an association between exposure to nature and improved attention. However, no studies explored the underlying mechanisms or considered bluespace, and none used Polish data. We investigated the association between exposure to nature and attention, and whether it was mediated by nature perception, physical activity and sleep duration. Exposure to tree cover was associated with improved orienting ability and shorter reaction time, fewer correct rejections in participants with ADHD, and with decreased alertness and improved orienting ability in participants without ADHD. Exposure to grass cover was associated with longer reaction time, decreased alertness, improved orienting ability, reduced target discrimination ability, fewer correct rejections and less risky response style in participants with ADHD, and with decreased orienting ability, more mistakes, longer reaction time, better hit rate and more risky response style in participants without ADHD. Presence of water was linked to improved orienting ability, fewer mistakes and better hit rate in participants without ADHD. Having a garden was related to improved target discrimination ability, better hit rate and more risky response style in participants without ADHD. No mediating pathways were revealed. Tree cover and presence of garden and water were generally associated with improved attention in Polish children while grass tended to have negative impact.
Neurodiversity and Global Business Strategies Embracing Diversity in the Globalized Workplace - March 2024. https://www.shrm.org/in/topics-tools/news/blogs/breaking-barriers--hr-s-playbook-for-fostering-neurodiverse-incl 2
This research paper examines the potential advantages of integrating neurodiverse individuals (e.g., those with autism and ADHD) into the globalized workplace and how multinational corporations can adapt HR practices to be more inclusive, considering diverse cultural contexts. As businesses strive to achieve innovation and maintain a competitive edge, the unique perspectives and skills of neurodiverse employees are invaluable. Moreover, fostering an inclusive work environment can enhance brand reputation and boost employee morale. This study seeks to provide insights into strategies and benefits of promoting neurodiversity in a multinational landscape.
Neuro-Inclusive Smart Building Design: Unveiling the Subjectivity of Comfort Experiences Through Biosignals - April 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4790417 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4790417
The vision of smart buildings which aim to be inclusive needs to take into consideration the diversity of human needs and the various ways in which individuals interact with and experience built environments. This contribution focuses on neurodiversity, specifically investigating how certain design choices and qualities of indoor environments can have distinct impacts on individuals with ADHD. In a controlled laboratory setting, we created six conditions with modified lighting and sound designs. Participants (14 with and 13 whithout ADHD) were asked to perform an on-screen activity within these conditions, which were randomly ordered. The collected data includes biosignals from three devices (EEG 32-channels, eye-tracker, health monitoring bracelet), as well as task performance and self-reported comfort levels. We observed significant differences in EEG data, suggesting the activation of a specific brain activity — a defense system — in situations of discomfort but only for the participants without ADHD. This difference in neuro-responses underscores the necessity to design adaptive spaces that cater to a broad spectrum of sensory experiences. As we navigate the future of smart environment design, our research accentuates the importance of recognizing and accommodating the diverse sensory responses of individuals, thereby progressing toward truly neuro-inclusive built environments.
Gender and Socioeconomic Dimensions of Relative Age Effects on ADHD Prescriptions: Evidence from Denmar - March 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4751534 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4751534
This paper examines the impact of relative age on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) prescriptions among school-aged children. Using a regression discontinuity design, we leverage the quasi-experimental variation in school starting age. We use administrative data for all children aged 6-16 from 2010 to 2019 in Denmark. We find a significant decrease in ADHD prescription rates for girls, who are relative old compared to their classmates. We do not find any significant results for boys. We further test the social gradient in relative age on ADHD prescriptions and find that the effect is entirely driven by girls from low income families.
Measuring Attention of ADHD Patients by Means of a Computer Game Featuring Biometrical Data Gathering - February 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4721435 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4721435 (NOT YET PEER REVIEWED)
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed mainly in children, marked by inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. The symptoms are highly variable, such as different ages of onset and potential comorbidities, contributing to frequent misdiagnoses. Professionals note a gap in modern diagnostic tools, making accurate identification challenging. To address this, recent studies recommend gamification for better ADHD diagnosis and treatment, though further research is essential to confirm its efficacy. This work aims to create a serious game, namely "Attention Slackline", to assess attention levels. The game, designed with expert input, requires players to concentrate on a specific point to recognize specific patterns while managing distractions. A controlled experiment tested its precision, and results were compared with established attention tests by a correlation analysis. Statistical analysis confirmed the game's validity, especially in tracking attention through correct responses and errors. Preliminary evidence suggests that "Attention Slackline" may serve as a credible instrument for the assessment of attentional capacities in individuals with ADHD, given that its outcomes have been empirically shown to correlate with those derived from a well-established attention assessment methodology.
Investigating the Causal Relationship between Five Major Psychiatric Disorders and Five Cardiovascular Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Study - February 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4715620 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4715620 (NOT YET PEER REVIEWED)
Prior research has established a positive correlation between mental illness and a heightened risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the nature of this correlation - whether it is causal or not - has yet to be determined. To address this uncertainty, our study utilizes Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. This approach is designed to explore the potential causative connections between various psychiatric disorders and the risk of developing CVD. Method and Results To verify the causal relationship between various psychiatric disorders and the risk of prevalent cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. We utilized a standardized inverse variance weighting method to assess the causal associations between eight psychiatric disorders and eight prevalent CVDs. The psychiatric disorders examined include major depressive disorder (MDD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder (BIP), schizophrenia (SCZ), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), insomnia, and anxiety. Our findings suggest a causative link between five major psychiatric disorders (MDD, ADHD, BIP, SCZ, and Anxiety) and an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). These measures should include promoting increased physical activity, advocating for better nutritional habits, encouraging smoking cessation, and carefully managing the use of antipsychotic medications.
Gamifying Attention Assessment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - February 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4713241 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4713241 (NOT YET PEER REVIEWED)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children, is marked by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, impacting daily life. Traditional ADHD diagnostics are lengthy and resource-heavy. Using computer games for ADHD diagnosis and therapy represents a major advancement in mental health and neuroscience. This study aims to develop a video game, named Attention Robots, to facilitate an enhanced computer-aided system for ADHD diagnosis. The game is designed to assess attention levels in subjects. Attention Robots is a serious game designed to assess attention in individuals with ADHD. Participants play by identifying robots by posture, with the system recording hits, commissions, and omissions to assess attention focus and control. In addition, several biometric data is recorded from the subject. Attention Robots' effectiveness was compared with the D2 Test of Attention, showing its validity as an attention assessment tool through response time, error rate, and attention consistency metrics. Attention Robots marks a significant step in ADHD assessment through gaming, showing how interactive platforms can enhance diagnosis and therapy. The game currently focuses on measuring attention, but anticipated future updates include biometric monitoring to improve attention evaluation accuracy, potentially advancing ADHD management and treatment.
Identifying developmental changes in functional brain connectivity associated with cognitive functioning in children and adolescents with ADHD - 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101439 or (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878929324001002)
Youth diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often show deficits in various measures of higher-level cognition, such as, executive functioning. Poorer cognitive functioning in children with ADHD has been associated with differences in functional connectivity across the brain. However, little is known about the developmental changes to the brain’s functional properties linked to different cognitive abilities in this cohort. To characterize these changes, we analyzed fMRI data (ADHD = 373, NT = 106) collected while youth between the ages of 6 and 16 watched a short movie-clip. We applied machine learning models to identify patterns of network connectivity in response to movie-watching that differentially predict cognitive abilities in our cohort. Using out-of-sample cross validation, our models successfully predicted IQ, visual spatial, verbal comprehension, and fluid reasoning in children (ages 6 – 11), but not in adolescents with ADHD (ages 12–16). Connections with the default mode, memory retrieval, and dorsal attention were driving prediction during early and middle childhood, but connections with the somatomotor, cingulo-opercular, and frontoparietal networks were more important in middle childhood. This work demonstrated that machine learning approaches can identify distinct functional connectivity profiles associated with cognitive abilities at different developmental stages in children and adolescents with ADHD.
Effects of Childhood Cognitive and Behavioral Disabilities on Adult Economic Outcomes - February 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4716666 Developmental disabilities are not rare among U.S. children and rates have been increasing in recent decades. The increases have been driven by cognitive and behavioral disorders. While some studies have investigated the effects of specific childhood conditions, particularly ADHD, on adult economic outcomes, none has considered the overall effects of cognitive and behavioral disabilities. We address this key gap by rigorously estimating effects of cognitive and behavioral impairments in childhood, which account for the bulk and increasing share of child disability cases in the U.S., on a set of salient adult economic outcomes. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 Child Supplement, we estimate the effects of low cognitive test scores and high behavior problem scores in childhood on receipt of disability benefits, educational attainment, employment, wages, and access to transportation and credit in adulthood, using household fixed effects models to control for potentially confounding factors that are unobserved. We find significant effects in the expected direction for both cognitive and behavioral childhood disabilities on all outcomes. The findings have important implications for well-being over the life course for a non-trivial share of the U.S. population and their families, government expenditures, and public policy.
Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Individuals With Dystrophinopathy at a Tertiary Care Center in Chicago - 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0887899424002029
Objective: To study the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in individuals with dystrophinopathy compared with the general population. Our results demonstrate an ADHD prevalence of 18.40% and ASD prevalence of 12.73%, both significantly higher than those reported for the general population. Our results revealed a significant association between ADHD diagnosis and a positive family history but did not show a statistically significant association between prevalence of ADHD and the use of steroids. Based on our current study results, we plan to further evaluate the prevalence, in a prospective cross-sectional manner, using validated screens for both ADHD and ASD.
From the Abstract: This study explores how positive deviance among high-achieving adults with ADHD can inspire strength-based coaching strategies and life design to complement traditional ADHD management approaches. The results show that these adults succeed by leveraging numerous unique strategies, such as managing routines, making environmental adjustments, and harnessing their personal strengths, significantly contributing to their success and well-being. The conclusions of this research highlight the value of ADHD coaching as an ideally positioned approach to focus on individual strengths and, through the lens of life design, provide a holistic framework for managing ADHD.
Does SARS-CoV-2 Infection Increase the Frequency and Risk of Neuropsychiatric and Related Conditions? Findings from Difference-in-Differences Analyses - October 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4982186 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4982186
From the Abstract: This study aims to compare the full spectrum of neuropsychiatric conditions in COVID-19 positive children and youths (ages 5-12 and 12-21) with a matched COVID-19 negative cohort, accounting for factors influencing infection risk. The COVID-19 positive group had a higher frequency of neuropsychiatric disorders compared to the negative group. Children had higher risks of anxiety, OCD, ADHD, autism, and other conditions. Youths showed elevated risks for anxiety, suicidality, depression, and other symptoms. The findings suggest that COVID-19 infection poses additional risks for neuropsychiatric conditions, underscoring the need for further research on treatments and preventive strategies tailored to infected individuals.
Retinal Fundus Imaging as a Biomarker for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Machine Learning for Screening and Visual Attention Stratification -October 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4978423 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4978423
This study explored the machine learning analysis of retinal fundus photographs as a novel, noninvasive biomarker for ADHD screening and stratification of executive function (EF) deficits. Machine learning analysis of retinal fundus photographs demonstrated potential as a noninvasive biomarker for ADHD screening and EF deficit stratification in the visual attention domain. Furthermore, alterations in the retinal vascular structure and optic disc characteristics indicate a neurodevelopmental process affecting both cerebral and retinal structures, potentially reflecting systemic changes in ADHD. Our findings may guide the development of innovative screening tools and personalized treatment approaches. However, further research across diverse populations and age groups is necessary to validate these findings before clinical implementation.
The Impact of Various Computer Game Genres on Attention of Students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (Adhd)
- September 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4950133 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4950133 (Not Yet Peer Reviewed)
The extant study was conducted to examine the impact of various computer games on the attention dimension of students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). ...three-game genres, including action, shooter, and strategy could significantly improve the attention of students with ADHD. Among the aforementioned genres, strategy games had a higher performance rather than action and shooter games. This study demonstrated that action, shooter, and strategy Genre of computer games could improve the attention of students with ADHD.
Embracing Complexity: Connecting Bipolar Affective Disorder, Joint Hypermobility, and Neurodivergence
-September 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4950643 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4950643 (Not Yet Peer Reviewed)
Neurodivergence encompasses neurodevelopmental conditions including autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Tourette syndrome. Particular physical traits, notably those linked to joint hypermobility, have an established association with both neurodivergence and bipolar affective disorder. This case-control study tested how presence of joint hypermobility and neurodivergent characteristics interact in relation to the expression of bipolar affective disorder.
Impact of Physical Exercise on Adhd Symptoms in Children: A Meta-Analysis for Developing Personalized Exercise Interventions
- August 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4929961 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4929961 (UNDER REVIEW)
This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of physical exercise on children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and provide evidence for optimal exercise prescription. Physical exercise serves as an effective adjunctive treatment for improving ADHD symptoms. We recommend therapeutic and alternative exercise modalities lasting 12-24 weeks, performed twice weekly for less than 30 minutes per session. These findings provide important reference for clinical practice in managing ADHD in children.
Multimodality-Based Graph Convolutional Networks for Classification of Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Detection of Potential Neuroimaging Genetics Biomarkers - August 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4939229 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4939229 (UNDER REVIEW)
Integrating multimodal data across neuroimaging genetics can enhance the diagnosis and understanding of adults with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (aADHD). These findings highlight the effectiveness and interpretability of the multimodality-based EV-GCN in discriminating aADHD individuals from healthy controls. The functional alterations in right PCun and its related genetic profiles were suggested to play an important role in the neurological underpinnings of aADHD.
Effectiveness of Cognitive-Emotional-Social Training of Working Memory on Attention Bias, Executive Functions, and Academic Performance of Students with ADHD - August 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4935159 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4935159
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-emotional-social training of working memory on attention bias, executive functions, and academic performance of students with ADHD. According to the obtained results, cognitive-emotional-social training of working memory is effective in improving attention bias, executive functions, and academic performance of students with ADHD.
Prediction of Methylphenidate Treatment Response for Adhd Using Conventional and Radiomics T1 and Dti Features: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial - August 2024. : https://ssrn.com/abstract=4929859 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4929859 (NOT YET REVIEWED)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is commonly treated with methylphenidate (MPH). Although highly effective, MPH treatment still has a relatively high non-response rate of around 30%, highlighting the need for a better understanding of treatment response. Radiomics of T1-weighted images and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) combined with machine learning approaches could offer a novel method for assessing MPH treatment response. While conventional and radiomics models performed equally well in predicting clinical improvement across children and adults during treatment, radiomics features offered enhanced structural information beyond conventional region-based volume and FA averages in children. Prediction of symptom improvement one week after treatment cessation was poor, potentially due to the transient effects of stimulant treatment on symptom improvement.
Beyond Attention: Dimensional Attention Network Development Underpins Working Memory Strategy Differences in 2- to 5-Year-Olds with and Without Risk for ADHD - August 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4912939 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4912939
The relationship between alerting, orienting, and self-regulation—all foundational for higher-level executive attention—and working memory is poorly understood in preschool-aged children at risk for ADHD. We developed a novel working memory task appropriate for children ages 2–6 years old to close this literature gap and to further investigate differences between typically developing (TD) children and those at risk for ADHD. Results indicate age, condition, and risk effects. At-risk children do not differ from TD children in accuracy, but they do differ in strategy use.
The Effect of Self-Controlled Feedback on Motor Performance and Learning in Adolescents with ADHD - August 2024 https://ssrn.com/abstract=4915500
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of autonomy support (i.e., in the form of self-controlled feedback) on learning and self-efficacy in a throwing skill in adolescents with ADHD. The results showed that participants in the self-controlled group had significantly higher throwing accuracy scores in the acquisition phase and the retention test than those in yoked group. Moreover, participants in the self-controlled group reported significantly higher self-efficacy scores in the acquisition phase and the retention test than those in yoked group. The results of this study show that people with ADHD benefit from autonomy support to learn a novel motor skill.
Effects of Social Support on Participation of Children with ADHD in Physical Activity: Mediating Role of Emotional Wellbeing
- August 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4915425
It has been shown that social support is an essential factor for participation of children in physical activity. However, this issue among children with ADHD has been rarely investigated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of social support on participation of children with ADHD in physical activity with considering the emotional wellbeing as a mediator. The results of the present study indicate that urgent strategies should be adopted for children with ADHD, as they had small amounts of physical activity. Moreover, social support can be considered as a vital factor in the participation of children with ADHD in physical activities. Finally, we can consider emotional wellbeing as a moderating factor in the effectiveness of social support on the amount of physical activity among children with ADHD.
The Effects of Participation in Physical Activity and Exercise on Social and Adaptive Performance among Children with ADHD
- August 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4915375
Despite the significance and crucial role that engaging in sports activities holds in shaping children's social behaviors, limited studies have explored the impact of sports participation on the adjustment and social performance of children diagnosed with ADHD. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the effects of participation in physical activity and exercise on social and adaptive performance among children with ADHD. ...it is recommended that practitioners and physical education teachers actively encourage children with ADHD to participate in physical activity and sports to enhance their social and adaptive performance.
Understanding Digital Media's Complex Impact on ADHD Symptoms: A Narrative Review - August 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4912578 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4912578
This review examines the effects of digital media on ADHD and reveals that children with ADHD tend to engage more with fast-paced and interactive content, which can worsen their attention deficits and impulsivity. On the other hand, structured educational apps can help improve attention and learning. However, excessive screen time, especially before bedtime, is associated with poor sleep quality, which in turn exacerbates ADHD symptoms. While social media can provide positive social interactions, excessive use can lead to social withdrawal. The study emphasizes the importance of a balanced approach to digital media, with a focus on parental monitoring and structured usage. It also offers practical guidance for parents, educators, and clinicians, and calls for further research and interventions to enhance the positive effects of digital media and mitigate the negative impacts on ADHD. This comprehensive understanding aims to improve the quality of life for individuals with ADHD in our digital age.
The Effects of a School-Based Intervention on the Social and Adaptive Skills among Children with ADHD - August 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4915357
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a school-based intervention designed to enhance social and adaptive skills among children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). These findings underscore the importance of incorporating structured, skill-building programs into school curricula to support children with ADHD.
NeurodiverCITY: Leveraging the potential for neurodiverse deliberation in urban life - July 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4891374 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4891374
This paper explores the integration of neurodiverse individuals into the urban decision-making processes through the concept of “NeurodiverCITY.” By merging the neurodiversity paradigm with deliberative theory and the practice of urban democratic innovations, the authors propose a model where the unique cognitive strengths of neurodiverse individuals, such as logical thinking, attention to detail, and creativity, can enhance the quality of urban deliberations. The paper critically reviews existing literature on neurodiversity and urban studies, identifies gaps in current research, and discusses the potential benefits and challenges of inclusive urban planning. The findings suggest that inclusive deliberative practices not only improve decision-making processes but also contribute to more equitable and innovative urban environments. The authors argue for the proactive inclusion of neurodiverse individuals in urban governance to leverage their potential for the benefit of all city inhabitants.
Starting School and ADHD: When is it Time to Fly the Nest? - July 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4883850 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4883850
Does deferring school entry for children born just before the enrollment cutoff date improve their mental well-being? We address this question using administrative data on prescriptions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in England. Higher ADHD rates among early school starters are often attributed to a peer-comparison bias caused by differences in relative age among classmates. However, previous studies do not consider other potential underlying mechanisms. By adopting a more comprehensive framework, we can confirm that relative age is the primary driver of the gap in ADHD rate in the long term. Furthermore, we find that such a long-term gap is driven by first-time prescriptions between ages 5 and 8, which is a critical period when the accuracy of ADHD diagnosis is most important. Based on these findings, our policy recommendations include sorting children by age and refining diagnostic decision-making in early primary school.
The Attention Network Characteristics of Adults with High ADHD Traits: Low Stability, Boost Accuracy by Sacrificing Response Time
- June 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4868275 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4868275
Adults with high ADHD traits (H-ADHD) face challenges in academics, social interactions, and careers, yet their attention characteristics remains unclear. Using Attention Network Test (ANT), we examine attentional characteristics (including specific attentional qualities and overall attentional performance) of H-ADHD and explore how their specific attentional qualities impact overall attentional performance. We find H-ADHD primarily manifests lower alerting network, higher intra-individual coefficient of variation (ICV) and poorer balanced integration score (BIS). Furthermore, the BIS deficiency in high attention deficit traits group (H-ADHD-I) specifically manifests as "high accuracy - slow reaction time", reflecting their response pattern as the reaction time compensated accuracy. Additionally, compared to alerting network, attentional variability (ICV) has a greater role in mediating the impact of ADHD symptoms on overall attentional performance (BIS). Taken together, H-ADHD mainly exhibit deficits in sustained attention (alerting network), attentional stability (ICV), and overall attentional performance. ADHD symptoms worsen overall attentional performance due to increased attentional variability. The study emphasizes the sensitivity of alerting network, ICV, and BIS indicators, and highlights the significance of attentional variability, suggesting their potential clinical value in the future.
Digital Media, Genetics and Change in ADHD Symptoms in Children – A Longitudinal Study - June 2024. Change in ADHD Symptoms in Children – A Longitudinal Study. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4871258 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4871258 (Not Yet Peter Reviewed)
We investigated the longitudinal association between different types of DM usage and ADHD-related symptoms in school-aged children, while accounting for genetic predisposition and socioeconomic status. Average social media usage was associated with an increase in inattention symptoms over time ...In contrast, average use of playing video games or watching television/videos was not associated with an increase in ADHD-related symptoms. Sex, ADHD diagnosis, PGS-ADHD, or medication status at T0, did not modify the association between social media usage and ADHD-related symptoms over time. There was no evidence that inattention caused increased use of social media. Social media usage was associated with an increase in inattention symptoms in children over time. Although the observed effect size was small, it could have significant consequences if behavior changes occur at the population level.
ADHD Symptoms are Common and Associated with Worse Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes - June 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4856029 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4856029 (NOT YET PEER REVIEWED)
Objective: To assess the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), and cardiovascular comorbidities in adults. Conclusion: Many adults with T1D exhibit undiagnosed ADHD symptoms, which correlate with poorer glycemic control and depression. Further research with larger samples is needed to investigate ADHD prevalence and impacts in this group.
Intact Emotion Fluency in Autism vs. ADHD and Community Groups - May 2024 https://ssrn.com/abstract=4835368 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4835368 (NOT YET PEER REVIEWED)
Purpose: The Emotion Word Fluency Test (EWFT) accounts for unique variance in Theory of Mind (ToM). ToM being a well-established weakness in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), it was hypothesized that an ASD group would demonstrate performance weakness on the EWFT. However, mediational analyses indicated that switching increased EWFT-total more efficiently for the COM vs. ASD/ADHD groups.
...as measured in this study, emotion word fluency is an intact area of functioning in ASD that could be built upon for social interaction.
Genome-Wide Analyses Reveal Shared Genetic Architecture and Potential Causal Relationships between Osteoarthritis and Psychiatric Disorders - May 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4826099 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4826099 (NOT YET PEER REVIEWED)
Osteoarthritis (OA) and psychiatric disorders are prevalent conditions that frequently co-occur, suggesting potential shared genetic underpinnings. However, the extent of genetic correlations and causal relationships between these disorders remains largely unknown. Our findings revealed a shared genetic architecture between OA and psychiatric disorders, providing novel insights into their comorbidity. The identified pleiotropic loci, shared genes, and biological pathways offer potential targets for further research and drug development. The causal relationships suggest that targeting psychiatric disorders may have implications for OA prevention and treatment.
Nurturing Attention Through Nature - April 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4807151 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4807151
Previous research suggests an association between exposure to nature and improved attention. However, no studies explored the underlying mechanisms or considered bluespace, and none used Polish data. We investigated the association between exposure to nature and attention, and whether it was mediated by nature perception, physical activity and sleep duration. Exposure to tree cover was associated with improved orienting ability and shorter reaction time, fewer correct rejections in participants with ADHD, and with decreased alertness and improved orienting ability in participants without ADHD. Exposure to grass cover was associated with longer reaction time, decreased alertness, improved orienting ability, reduced target discrimination ability, fewer correct rejections and less risky response style in participants with ADHD, and with decreased orienting ability, more mistakes, longer reaction time, better hit rate and more risky response style in participants without ADHD. Presence of water was linked to improved orienting ability, fewer mistakes and better hit rate in participants without ADHD. Having a garden was related to improved target discrimination ability, better hit rate and more risky response style in participants without ADHD. No mediating pathways were revealed. Tree cover and presence of garden and water were generally associated with improved attention in Polish children while grass tended to have negative impact.
Neurodiversity and Global Business Strategies Embracing Diversity in the Globalized Workplace - March 2024. https://www.shrm.org/in/topics-tools/news/blogs/breaking-barriers--hr-s-playbook-for-fostering-neurodiverse-incl 2
This research paper examines the potential advantages of integrating neurodiverse individuals (e.g., those with autism and ADHD) into the globalized workplace and how multinational corporations can adapt HR practices to be more inclusive, considering diverse cultural contexts. As businesses strive to achieve innovation and maintain a competitive edge, the unique perspectives and skills of neurodiverse employees are invaluable. Moreover, fostering an inclusive work environment can enhance brand reputation and boost employee morale. This study seeks to provide insights into strategies and benefits of promoting neurodiversity in a multinational landscape.
Neuro-Inclusive Smart Building Design: Unveiling the Subjectivity of Comfort Experiences Through Biosignals - April 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4790417 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4790417
The vision of smart buildings which aim to be inclusive needs to take into consideration the diversity of human needs and the various ways in which individuals interact with and experience built environments. This contribution focuses on neurodiversity, specifically investigating how certain design choices and qualities of indoor environments can have distinct impacts on individuals with ADHD. In a controlled laboratory setting, we created six conditions with modified lighting and sound designs. Participants (14 with and 13 whithout ADHD) were asked to perform an on-screen activity within these conditions, which were randomly ordered. The collected data includes biosignals from three devices (EEG 32-channels, eye-tracker, health monitoring bracelet), as well as task performance and self-reported comfort levels. We observed significant differences in EEG data, suggesting the activation of a specific brain activity — a defense system — in situations of discomfort but only for the participants without ADHD. This difference in neuro-responses underscores the necessity to design adaptive spaces that cater to a broad spectrum of sensory experiences. As we navigate the future of smart environment design, our research accentuates the importance of recognizing and accommodating the diverse sensory responses of individuals, thereby progressing toward truly neuro-inclusive built environments.
Gender and Socioeconomic Dimensions of Relative Age Effects on ADHD Prescriptions: Evidence from Denmar - March 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4751534 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4751534
This paper examines the impact of relative age on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) prescriptions among school-aged children. Using a regression discontinuity design, we leverage the quasi-experimental variation in school starting age. We use administrative data for all children aged 6-16 from 2010 to 2019 in Denmark. We find a significant decrease in ADHD prescription rates for girls, who are relative old compared to their classmates. We do not find any significant results for boys. We further test the social gradient in relative age on ADHD prescriptions and find that the effect is entirely driven by girls from low income families.
Measuring Attention of ADHD Patients by Means of a Computer Game Featuring Biometrical Data Gathering - February 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4721435 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4721435 (NOT YET PEER REVIEWED)
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed mainly in children, marked by inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. The symptoms are highly variable, such as different ages of onset and potential comorbidities, contributing to frequent misdiagnoses. Professionals note a gap in modern diagnostic tools, making accurate identification challenging. To address this, recent studies recommend gamification for better ADHD diagnosis and treatment, though further research is essential to confirm its efficacy. This work aims to create a serious game, namely "Attention Slackline", to assess attention levels. The game, designed with expert input, requires players to concentrate on a specific point to recognize specific patterns while managing distractions. A controlled experiment tested its precision, and results were compared with established attention tests by a correlation analysis. Statistical analysis confirmed the game's validity, especially in tracking attention through correct responses and errors. Preliminary evidence suggests that "Attention Slackline" may serve as a credible instrument for the assessment of attentional capacities in individuals with ADHD, given that its outcomes have been empirically shown to correlate with those derived from a well-established attention assessment methodology.
Investigating the Causal Relationship between Five Major Psychiatric Disorders and Five Cardiovascular Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Study - February 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4715620 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4715620 (NOT YET PEER REVIEWED)
Prior research has established a positive correlation between mental illness and a heightened risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the nature of this correlation - whether it is causal or not - has yet to be determined. To address this uncertainty, our study utilizes Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. This approach is designed to explore the potential causative connections between various psychiatric disorders and the risk of developing CVD. Method and Results To verify the causal relationship between various psychiatric disorders and the risk of prevalent cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. We utilized a standardized inverse variance weighting method to assess the causal associations between eight psychiatric disorders and eight prevalent CVDs. The psychiatric disorders examined include major depressive disorder (MDD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder (BIP), schizophrenia (SCZ), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), insomnia, and anxiety. Our findings suggest a causative link between five major psychiatric disorders (MDD, ADHD, BIP, SCZ, and Anxiety) and an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). These measures should include promoting increased physical activity, advocating for better nutritional habits, encouraging smoking cessation, and carefully managing the use of antipsychotic medications.
Gamifying Attention Assessment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - February 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4713241 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4713241 (NOT YET PEER REVIEWED)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children, is marked by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, impacting daily life. Traditional ADHD diagnostics are lengthy and resource-heavy. Using computer games for ADHD diagnosis and therapy represents a major advancement in mental health and neuroscience. This study aims to develop a video game, named Attention Robots, to facilitate an enhanced computer-aided system for ADHD diagnosis. The game is designed to assess attention levels in subjects. Attention Robots is a serious game designed to assess attention in individuals with ADHD. Participants play by identifying robots by posture, with the system recording hits, commissions, and omissions to assess attention focus and control. In addition, several biometric data is recorded from the subject. Attention Robots' effectiveness was compared with the D2 Test of Attention, showing its validity as an attention assessment tool through response time, error rate, and attention consistency metrics. Attention Robots marks a significant step in ADHD assessment through gaming, showing how interactive platforms can enhance diagnosis and therapy. The game currently focuses on measuring attention, but anticipated future updates include biometric monitoring to improve attention evaluation accuracy, potentially advancing ADHD management and treatment.
Identifying developmental changes in functional brain connectivity associated with cognitive functioning in children and adolescents with ADHD - 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101439 or (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878929324001002)
Youth diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often show deficits in various measures of higher-level cognition, such as, executive functioning. Poorer cognitive functioning in children with ADHD has been associated with differences in functional connectivity across the brain. However, little is known about the developmental changes to the brain’s functional properties linked to different cognitive abilities in this cohort. To characterize these changes, we analyzed fMRI data (ADHD = 373, NT = 106) collected while youth between the ages of 6 and 16 watched a short movie-clip. We applied machine learning models to identify patterns of network connectivity in response to movie-watching that differentially predict cognitive abilities in our cohort. Using out-of-sample cross validation, our models successfully predicted IQ, visual spatial, verbal comprehension, and fluid reasoning in children (ages 6 – 11), but not in adolescents with ADHD (ages 12–16). Connections with the default mode, memory retrieval, and dorsal attention were driving prediction during early and middle childhood, but connections with the somatomotor, cingulo-opercular, and frontoparietal networks were more important in middle childhood. This work demonstrated that machine learning approaches can identify distinct functional connectivity profiles associated with cognitive abilities at different developmental stages in children and adolescents with ADHD.
Effects of Childhood Cognitive and Behavioral Disabilities on Adult Economic Outcomes - February 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4716666 Developmental disabilities are not rare among U.S. children and rates have been increasing in recent decades. The increases have been driven by cognitive and behavioral disorders. While some studies have investigated the effects of specific childhood conditions, particularly ADHD, on adult economic outcomes, none has considered the overall effects of cognitive and behavioral disabilities. We address this key gap by rigorously estimating effects of cognitive and behavioral impairments in childhood, which account for the bulk and increasing share of child disability cases in the U.S., on a set of salient adult economic outcomes. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 Child Supplement, we estimate the effects of low cognitive test scores and high behavior problem scores in childhood on receipt of disability benefits, educational attainment, employment, wages, and access to transportation and credit in adulthood, using household fixed effects models to control for potentially confounding factors that are unobserved. We find significant effects in the expected direction for both cognitive and behavioral childhood disabilities on all outcomes. The findings have important implications for well-being over the life course for a non-trivial share of the U.S. population and their families, government expenditures, and public policy.
Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Individuals With Dystrophinopathy at a Tertiary Care Center in Chicago - 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0887899424002029
Objective: To study the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in individuals with dystrophinopathy compared with the general population. Our results demonstrate an ADHD prevalence of 18.40% and ASD prevalence of 12.73%, both significantly higher than those reported for the general population. Our results revealed a significant association between ADHD diagnosis and a positive family history but did not show a statistically significant association between prevalence of ADHD and the use of steroids. Based on our current study results, we plan to further evaluate the prevalence, in a prospective cross-sectional manner, using validated screens for both ADHD and ASD.
From 2023.
Evaluating the Bidirectional Causal Relationship between ADHD and Multiple Diseases: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Mendelian Randomization Analyses - December 2023. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4670511 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4670511 (NOT YET PEER REVIEWED)
The causal relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and multiple diseases remains uncertain. This study aimed to assess the bidirectional causal relationships between ADHD and other diseases. ADHD was found to be associated with an elevated risk of respiratory system diseases (including COVID-19), mental disorders (such as autism spectrum disorders, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, and self-harm), and circulatory system diseases (including intracranial aneurysms). Conversely, various diseases, including different mental disorders, respiratory system diseases (COVID-19), and endocrine system diseases (such as childhood obesity and type 1 diabetes mellitus), were found to influence the risk of developing ADHD. Notably, Alzheimer's disease, coronary artery disease, and intracranial aneurysms were associated with a reduced risk of ADHD. This study establishes the existence of universal bidirectional causal relationships between ADHD and multiple diseases.
Association between Immune Traits and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study - December 2023. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4670499 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4670499 (NOT YET PEER REVIEWED)
One of the main causes of health-related issues in children is neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), which include attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and Tourette syndrome (TS). Nonetheless, there is relatively little prior research looking at the link between immunological inflammation and NDDs. Our work uses a two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) approach to provide a thorough evaluation of the causal effects of immune traits on ADHD, ASD, and TS. The results of the study lend credence to the theory that deficiency in CD62L on CD62L+ myeloid DC and CD28+ DN (CD4-CD8) AC may contribute to the onset of ADHD.
Neurodivergent Mental Health in the Wake of a Pandemic: Exploring Impacts in Autistic, ADHD, and Co-Occurring Populations - December 2023. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4641606 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4641606 (NOT YET PEER REVIEWED)
Neurodivergent young people often experience higher rates of co-occurring mental health problems than neurotypical peers. Interestingly, research has indicated the COVID-19 pandemic may have had both positive and negative impacts on neurodivergent populations.Results imply that the mental health of non-autistic young people with ADHD was uniquely impacted by changes brought about by the pandemic.
Rethinking ADHD in girls: Recent Advances - October 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbl.30754
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Older Adults - September 2023. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/14737175.2023.2250913?needAccess=true
The Rx Crisis: The Impact of Ongoing ADHD Medication Shortages - August 2023.
The Collateral Damage of ADHD Drug Shortages - August 2023.
Sleep Moderates Impulsivity and Risky Media Use in Kids - June 2023.
ADHD Statistics (Forbes) - June 2023.
‘Children with ADHD are being failed’: parents share their experiences of an overwhelmed system - June 2023.
Xelstrym Now Available: New FDA-Approved ADHD Stimulant Patch - June 2023.
ADHD is an illness, not a lifestyle. Don't punish people for it - April 2023.
Listen up! ADHD slows spoken-word processing in adverse listening conditions: Evidence from eye movements - February 2023.
Evidence-based prescribing of medications for ADHD: where are we in 2023? - January 2023 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/14656566.2023.2169604?needAccess=true
The causal relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and multiple diseases remains uncertain. This study aimed to assess the bidirectional causal relationships between ADHD and other diseases. ADHD was found to be associated with an elevated risk of respiratory system diseases (including COVID-19), mental disorders (such as autism spectrum disorders, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, and self-harm), and circulatory system diseases (including intracranial aneurysms). Conversely, various diseases, including different mental disorders, respiratory system diseases (COVID-19), and endocrine system diseases (such as childhood obesity and type 1 diabetes mellitus), were found to influence the risk of developing ADHD. Notably, Alzheimer's disease, coronary artery disease, and intracranial aneurysms were associated with a reduced risk of ADHD. This study establishes the existence of universal bidirectional causal relationships between ADHD and multiple diseases.
Association between Immune Traits and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study - December 2023. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4670499 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4670499 (NOT YET PEER REVIEWED)
One of the main causes of health-related issues in children is neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), which include attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and Tourette syndrome (TS). Nonetheless, there is relatively little prior research looking at the link between immunological inflammation and NDDs. Our work uses a two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) approach to provide a thorough evaluation of the causal effects of immune traits on ADHD, ASD, and TS. The results of the study lend credence to the theory that deficiency in CD62L on CD62L+ myeloid DC and CD28+ DN (CD4-CD8) AC may contribute to the onset of ADHD.
Neurodivergent Mental Health in the Wake of a Pandemic: Exploring Impacts in Autistic, ADHD, and Co-Occurring Populations - December 2023. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4641606 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4641606 (NOT YET PEER REVIEWED)
Neurodivergent young people often experience higher rates of co-occurring mental health problems than neurotypical peers. Interestingly, research has indicated the COVID-19 pandemic may have had both positive and negative impacts on neurodivergent populations.Results imply that the mental health of non-autistic young people with ADHD was uniquely impacted by changes brought about by the pandemic.
Rethinking ADHD in girls: Recent Advances - October 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbl.30754
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Older Adults - September 2023. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/14737175.2023.2250913?needAccess=true
The Rx Crisis: The Impact of Ongoing ADHD Medication Shortages - August 2023.
The Collateral Damage of ADHD Drug Shortages - August 2023.
Sleep Moderates Impulsivity and Risky Media Use in Kids - June 2023.
ADHD Statistics (Forbes) - June 2023.
‘Children with ADHD are being failed’: parents share their experiences of an overwhelmed system - June 2023.
Xelstrym Now Available: New FDA-Approved ADHD Stimulant Patch - June 2023.
ADHD is an illness, not a lifestyle. Don't punish people for it - April 2023.
Listen up! ADHD slows spoken-word processing in adverse listening conditions: Evidence from eye movements - February 2023.
Evidence-based prescribing of medications for ADHD: where are we in 2023? - January 2023 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/14656566.2023.2169604?needAccess=true
From 2022.
Adult ADHD is Misunderstood: Realistic Solutions for Managing Life, Time and Emotions - Updated November 2022
DESR: Does ADHD Emotional Disregulation Ever Fade? - Updated April 2022
DESR: Why Deficient Emotional Self-Regulation is Central to ADHD (and often overlooked) - Updated July 2022
Editorial: Each child with ADHD is Unique: Treat The Whole Patient, Not Just Their Symptoms - October 2022
Pattern of Gene Activity for ADHD - November 2022
Researchers Gain a Better Understanding of How the Most Commonly Used ADHD Medication Works - December 2022
Testing the Impact of Depressive and Anxiety Features on the Association between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Academic Performance among University Students: A Mediation Analysis - August 2022
The Contributions of Cognitive Abilities to the Relationship between ADHD Symptoms and Academic Achievement - August 2022
The Link between ADHD Symptoms and Antisocial Behavior: The Moderating Role of the Protective Factor Sense of Coherence - October 2022
DESR: Does ADHD Emotional Disregulation Ever Fade? - Updated April 2022
DESR: Why Deficient Emotional Self-Regulation is Central to ADHD (and often overlooked) - Updated July 2022
Editorial: Each child with ADHD is Unique: Treat The Whole Patient, Not Just Their Symptoms - October 2022
Pattern of Gene Activity for ADHD - November 2022
Researchers Gain a Better Understanding of How the Most Commonly Used ADHD Medication Works - December 2022
Testing the Impact of Depressive and Anxiety Features on the Association between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Academic Performance among University Students: A Mediation Analysis - August 2022
The Contributions of Cognitive Abilities to the Relationship between ADHD Symptoms and Academic Achievement - August 2022
The Link between ADHD Symptoms and Antisocial Behavior: The Moderating Role of the Protective Factor Sense of Coherence - October 2022
From 2021.
Academic, Interpersonal, Recreational, and Family Impairment in Youth with Tourette Syndrome and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
ADHD: An expert shares common symptoms and the latest research
A Review of the Current Evidence on Management of ADHD in Children and Adolescents
Not Just ADHD?
Goal Management Training in Adults in ADHDadhd-institute.com/goal-management-training-in-adults-with-adhd/
Probable ADHD in Inmates and Its Relationship with Recidivism
ADHD: An expert shares common symptoms and the latest research
A Review of the Current Evidence on Management of ADHD in Children and Adolescents
Not Just ADHD?
Goal Management Training in Adults in ADHDadhd-institute.com/goal-management-training-in-adults-with-adhd/
Probable ADHD in Inmates and Its Relationship with Recidivism
